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1.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 86(1): 3-11, feb. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-745603

ABSTRACT

El diagnóstico etiológico es un objetivo primordial para el manejo clínico de cada paciente. Algunos niños con cuadros clínicos complejos son objeto de una lista interminable de exámenes, lo que se ha denominado "odisea diagnóstica", y que, sin embargo, muchas veces no deja resultados concluyentes. En los últimos años, estamos siendo testigos de una verdadera revolución de la medicina genómica con la incorporación al ámbito clínico de tecnologías que prometen aumentar la capacidad de hacer diagnóstico y disminuir los tiempos. Con énfasis en pediatría, se actualizan conceptos sobre las principales ventajas y limitaciones del diagnóstico genómico, en contraposición con las metodologías usuales.


Etiological diagnosis is essential in the clinical management of individual patients. Some children with complex medical conditions are subjected to numerous testing, known as "diagnostic odyssey", which often gives no conclusive results. In recent years, a revolution in genomic medicine is underway with the use of technologies that promise to increase the ability to make a diagnosis and reduce the time involved. The main advantages and limitations of genomic diagnosis, as opposed to usual methodologies are reviewed with an emphasis on Pediatrics.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Genetic Testing/methods , Genomics/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Pediatrics , Time Factors
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 85(4): 448-454, jul. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-724844

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations of the CFTR gene, in which over 1,900 different mutations have been identified. In Chile, the diagnosis panel with the 36 most common mutations detects approximately 50% of all alleles, while for Caucasians, it is nearly 90%. The objective of this study is to expand the capacity of mutational screening in Chilean patients and look for recurrent mutations at the national level. Method: The detection of unknown pathogenic alleles was assessed by CFTR gene sequencing in a selected group of patients from the National Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFF). 39 patients, who met the CF diagnostic criteria and had only one allele identified according to the mutational panel, were studied. Massive sequencing was performed throughout the investigation and the main CFTR databases were used for analysis. Results: The second pathogenic allele was identified in 16 of 39 patients of this study (41%), finding eleven different mutations that had not been reported in our population. We believe that the reason is that one of the variants had not been previously described. Conclusions: Mutations that had been described mainly in Hispanic and/or Mediterranean populations were identified. We found a variation that had not been previously reported, but not enough recurrent mutations that could explain the low rate of detection were found. Knowledge about mutations can provide appropriate genetic counseling and will be critical to evaluate the potential use of new targeted therapies for treating them.


Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es un trastorno autosómico recesivo causado por mutaciones en el gen CFTR, en el cual se han identificado más de 1.900 mutaciones diferentes. En Chile, el panel diagnóstico con las 36 mutaciones más comunes permite una tasa de detección cercana al 50% de los alelos, mientras que en caucásicos la tasa es casi de 90%. El objetivo fue ampliar la capacidad de detección mutacional en los pacientes chilenos y buscar mutaciones que pudieran ser recurrentes a nivel local. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluó la detección de alelos patogénicos desconocidos mediante la secuenciación del gen CFTR en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes del Programa Nacional de FQ (PNFQ). Se analizaron 39 pacientes, que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de FQ y que tenían sólo un alelo identificado con el panel mutacional. Se realizó secuenciación masiva y para el análisis se utilizaron las principales bases de datos de CFTR. Resultados: En este grupo seleccionado de pacientes se identificó el segundo alelo patogénico en 16 de los 39 pacientes (41%), encontrándose once diferentes mutaciones que no se habían reportado en nuestra población. Según nuestro conocimiento, una de las variantes no había sido descrita previamente. Conclusiones: Se identificaron mutaciones que habían sido descritas principalmente en poblaciones hispánicas y/o mediterráneas. Encontramos una variante no reportada, aunque no encontramos mutaciones lo suficientemente recurrentes que pudieran explicar la baja tasa de detección. El conocimiento de las mutaciones permite otorgar un adecuado asesoramiento genético y será fundamental para evaluar el potencial uso de nuevas terapias específicas para las mutaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Genetic Variation , Alleles , Chile , Mutation
3.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 28(2): 99-103, jun. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-639744

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease and affects 1 in 8000-9000 newborns in Chile. More than 1,800 different mutations have been identified in CFTR gene. The available molecular diagnosis analyzes the 36 most frequent mutations in Caucasian population, with an overall detection rate of80-85 percent, but with a much lower detection rate in Chilean patients of 42 percent. To analyze which other mutations are present in Chilean patients, we conducted an extensive analysis by direct DNA sequencing of coding sequences of the CFTR gene. Methods: Forty eight Chilean patients with clinical diagnosis of CF and one mutated allele in the CFTR gene identified, were studied by direct sequence analysis of exons 6, 7, 14, 19 and 20 of the CFTR gene. Results: We found 3 different mutations in 14 cases that had not been previously identified in Chilean patients. Four patients have a deletion of two nucleotides (c.2462_2463delGT/p.Ser821ArgfsX4) in exon 14, which is predicted to cause a frame shift and a premature stop codon. Eight patients have c.3196C>T mutation in the exon 20 and 2 cases has c.3039delC mutation in the exon 19. Both mutations had been previously described in other populations. Discussion: The identification of these mutations has notably increased the detection rate in our patients. Adapting the molecular diagnosis method by including these three mutations should increase the CF detection rate in Chilean patients. This analysis will improve CF diagnosis and allow an adequate genetic counseling to the families.


Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad con herencia autosómica recesiva, que presenta una incidencia de 1 en 8.000 a 9.000 recién nacidos en Chile. A la fecha se han descrito más de 1.800 mutaciones diferentes en el gen CFTR. El diagnóstico molecular disponible consiste en el análisis de las 36 mutaciones presentes con mayor frecuencia en población caucásica, donde se describe una tasa de detección de un 85 por ceinto. Sin embargo, en Chile el rendimiento corresponde a un 42 por ciento. Por esta razón, hemos iniciado un análisis sistemático en la región codificante del gen CFTR con el fin de identificar los restantes alelos en pacientes chilenos con FQ. Métodos: Análisis por secuenciación de los exones 6,7,14,19y 20, en 48pacientes chilenos del Programa Nacional de FQ. Se incluyeron pacientes con criterios clínicos y de laboratorio de FQ, y con sólo una mutación identificada en el panel de 36 mutaciones. Resultados: Se identificaron 3 mutaciones diferentes que no se analizan en el panel de diagnóstico molecular y que no habían sido reportadas en pacientes chilenos, totalizando 14 casos. Cuatro casos corresponden a una nueva mutación en el exón 14, que produce un corrimiento en el marco de lectura y un codón de término prematuro (c.2462_2463delGT/p.Ser821ArgfsX4). Ocho casos presentan la mutación c.3196C>T en el exón 20, mientras que en 2 casos se encontró la mutación c.3039delC en el exón 19. Ambas mutaciones han sido descritas previamente en otras poblaciones. Discusión: La identificación de estas mutaciones ha incrementado notablemente la tasa de detección obtenida en nuestros pacientes. Esto crea la necesidad de adaptar el análisis molecular inicial en pacientes chilenos con FQ, redundando en un diagnóstico de certeza en gran parte de los casos y permitiendo un adecuado asesoramiento genético para las familias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cystic Fibrosis/epidemiology , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Mutation , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator , Chile/epidemiology , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis
4.
Medwave ; 12(2)feb. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-714145

ABSTRACT

Es importante saber reconocer a las displasias esqueléticas como un grupo heterogéneo de patologías, cuya clasificación es bastante extensa y presenta limitaciones. Por lo anterior, es muy importante obtener mediciones antropométricas y un estudio esquelético completo para poder delinear adecuadamente el fenotipo, y así identificar el grupo diagnóstico al cual pertenece cada paciente y, en lo posible, establecer el diagnóstico. El diagnóstico de los casos que no pertenecen a las patologías más conocidas y comunes, como el grupo de la acondroplasia, presenta desafíos mayores y requiere de un enfrentamiento diagnóstico multidisciplinario.


It is important to recognize skeletal dysplasia as a heterogeneous group of conditions with many classifications all of which have shortcomings. In consequence, it is very important to obtain anthropometric measurements and a complete skeletal work-up so as to properly establish phenotype. Once this is done patients can be assigned to diagnostic groups and diagnosis may be established. Diagnosing conditions that do not belong to the more common and well known diseases – such as achondroplasia – is more challenging and requires a multi-disciplinary approach.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bone Diseases, Developmental/classification , Bone Diseases, Developmental/diagnosis , Bone Diseases, Developmental/history , Achondroplasia
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 135(12): 1551-1557, dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-477985

ABSTRACT

Background: Wheat flour in Chile is fortified with folie acid and pregnant women are also supplemented with the vitamin, but the population level of knowledge or awareness about this vitamin and its use by pregnant women is unknown. Aim: To assess the level of knowledge that postpartum women from Santiago de Chile have about folie acid. Material and methods: A questionnaire about folie acid and its efects on the prevention of neural tube defects was developed adapting questionnaires designed abroad. It was applied by medical students to puerperal women, hospitalized in public hospitals. Results: The questionnaire was applied to 342 women aged 26 ± 7 years. Sixty one percent were housewives and 55 percent completed high school education. Forty seven percent of these women had heard about folie acid, 9.6 percent knew that it was able to prevent congenital defects and only one received an adequate supplementation during pregnancy. Women aged 25 to 34 years and those with an adequate medical care during pregnancy had a significantly better knowledge about folie acid and its role in the prevention of congenital anormalies. The more commom means to receive information about folie acid were midwifes (34 percent), mass media (28 percent) and doctors (20 percent). Two hundred eleven women (62 percent) agreed to take folie acid in a future gestation and 58 percent preferred to do so using fortified foods. Conclusions: Post partum women from Santiago have a poor knowledge about the relevance of folie acid supplementation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Folic Acid/administration & dosage , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion , Health Surveys , Neural Tube Defects/prevention & control , Awareness , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires
6.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 18(1): 11-18, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-530285

ABSTRACT

Introduction: intake of Folic Acid (FA) before conception and during early pregnancy reduces the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD). In Chile the management of the pregnant adolescent women is a relevant public health problem. So, the aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and intake of FA in a sample of adolescent and older parturient. Methods: a survey was conducted in one group of teenagers (group A) and another group of older puerperal (group B) corresponding to four public maternities of Santiago. Results: finally, 79 teenagers and 263 older women were surveyed. Both groups showed a poor knowledge about the benefit of intake of FA during this period. Regarding the control before pregnancy, we found an attendance of 10.1 percent in the group A and 24.7 percent in the group B, whereas only 5.1 percent of the group A and 1.9 percent of the group B had an intake of FA according to the medical recommendation. Conclusion: our patients have scanty information about the benefits of the periconceptional intake of FA. It seems necessary to design new methods and tools in order to increase the use of the FA in women of childbearing age, especially in the groups at risk for NTD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Pregnancy , Folic Acid/administration & dosage , Folic Acid/metabolism , Congenital Abnormalities/prevention & control , Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy in Adolescence/physiology , Pregnancy/statistics & numerical data , Prenatal Nutrition
7.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 76(2): 166-172, mar.-abr. 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-432969

ABSTRACT

La displasia ectodérmica hipohidrótica (DEH) es un trastorno genético que se caracteriza por hipohidrosis, hipotricosis e hipodoncia. Comúnmente afecta a varones con una herencia recesiva ligada al X, aunque existen otras formas con herencia autosómica dominante y recesiva. Los pacientes afectados pueden presentar intolerancia al calor, fiebre, hipertermia grave e incluso muerte súbita. Objetivo: Presentan el caso clínico de un paciente portador de DEH, y actualizar el conocimiento de la etiología y medidas terapéuticas de esta patología. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de una niña de 7 años de edad, que presenta escaso vello, alteraciones dentarias, amastia y escasa sudoración, compatible con una DEH y una probable herencia autosómica recesiva. Se comenta su evolución y manejo clínico, junto a aspectos embriológicos, genéticos, diagnósticos y el consejo genético de esta enfermedad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Ectodermal Dysplasia/physiopathology , Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics , Ectodermal Dysplasia/therapy , Fever/genetics , Genes, Recessive , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked , Hypohidrosis/genetics , Mutation , NF-kappa B
8.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 70(1): 24-27, 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-417772

ABSTRACT

La endometriosis es una causa importante de dolor pélvico e infertilidad en las mujeres premenopáusicas. Aunque poco se conoce sobre su etiopatogenia, se considera como un trastorno multifactorial donde se conjugan elementos endocrinológicos, inmunológicos, ambientales y genéticos. El estudio de genes candidatos no ha sido exitoso en la ubicación de genes de susceptibilidad. Se reporta una familia con tres hermanas afectadas de endometriosis, se comenta su evolución y posibles implicancias genéticas.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Female , Endometriosis/complications , Endometriosis/diagnosis , Endometriosis/etiology , Endometriosis/genetics , Chile/epidemiology , Infertility, Female/etiology , Infertility, Female/genetics
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